British Lichens  
Home About this site What are lichens Links Species list Picture index Habitat tours Opal

Picture Index


A pictorial index to species gallery photos. Hover over for species name. Click to see the picture.
Natural variation, environmental influences and whether the lichen is wet or dry make it difficult to place a species within the categories shown below with certainty. This is especially true for the colour of the apothecium, the colour of the thallus and whether it is fertile or sterile. These factors need to be taken into account when using this picture index. Please let me know if you find any mistakes.

Shortcuts:- non-thalline apothecia   lirellae/star-shaped apothecia   perithecia   sterile crusts   stalked and pin lichens   Squamulose lichens   Leafy lichens   Jelly lichens   Bushy lichens  

Crustose lichens

Apothecia with a thalline margin.


Apothecia white, cream or pale coloured (& all fertile Pertusaria species)


Glaucomaria rupicola var. rupicola Myriolecis crenulata Myriolecis dispersa Myriolecis albescens Glaucomaria carpinea Lecanora polytropa Lecanora intricata Lecanora conizaeoides Lecanora sublivescens Lecanora soralifera Lecanora intumescens Lecanora symmicta Lecanora varia Lecanora sulphurea Glaucomaria carpinea Lecanora sinuosa Lecanora albella Caloplaca variabilis Caloplaca chalybaea Ochrolechia frigida Ochrolechia parella Ochrolechia szatalaensis Ochrolechia tartarea Ochrolechia subviridis Pertusaria leioplaca Pertusaria hymenea Pertusaria pertusa Pertusaria pseudocorallina fertile Lepra corallina fertile Lepra multipuncta Varicellaria hemisphaerica Lepra ophthalmiza Varicellaria velata Pertusaria pustulata Pertusaria pluripuncta Thelotrema lepadinum Crutarndina petractoides Lecanactis abietina fertile Dirina massiliensis Ramonia chrysophaea Solenopsora liparina

Apothecia orange


Caloplaca crenularia Caloplaca littorea Caloplaca holocarpa Caloplaca flavocitrina Caloplaca aurantia Caloplaca saxicola Caloplaca thallincola Caloplaca verruculifera Caloplaca citrina Caloplaca flavescens Caloplaca marina Caloplaca arnoldii Caloplaca cirrochroa Caloplaca decipiens Caloplaca chlorina Caloplaca luteoalba Caloplaca ferruginea s. lat. Caloplaca 2 ochracea Caloplaca cerina Caloplaca cerinella Caloplaca oasis Caloplaca ruderum Caloplaca marmorata Caloplaca dichroa Caloplaca Caloplaca suaedae Caloplaca phlogena Caloplaca ulcerosa Caloplaca haematites Caloplaca pyracea Candelariella vitellina Candelariella medians

Apothecia red to brown


Lecanora saligna Myriolecis fugiens Myriolecis zosterae Gyalecta ulmi Lecanora pulicaris Lecanora chlarotera Lecanora quercicola Lecanora campestris Lecanora argentata Lecanora cinereofusca Lecanora intumescens Myriolecis persimilis Myriolecis hagenii Ophioparma ventosa f subfestiva Ophioparma ventosa f ventosa Lecania aipospila Lecania subfuscula Lecania cyrtella Lecania inundata Protoparmelia ochrococca Trapelia glebulosa Moelleropsis nebulosa Vahliella atlantica Trapeliopsis granulosa Protoparmeliopsis muralis Hymenelia epulotica Ionaspis lacustris Ameliella andreaeicola Placopsis lambii Fuscopannaria ignobilis Acarospora cervina Acarospora fuscata Haematomma ochroleucum

Apothecia very dark to black


Lecanora atrosulphurea Protoparmelia badia Protoparmelia oleagina Tephromela atra Tephromela atra var torulosa Clauzadeana macula Diploschistes gypsaceus Diploschistes scruposus Diploschistes muscorum Glaucomaria swartzii Lecanora gangaleoides Lecanora sulphurea Lecania rabenhorstii Lecanora farinaria Lecanora leptacina Myriolecis agardhiana Rinodina oleae Rinodina sophodes Rinodina roboris Diplotomma alboatrum Diplotomma alboatrum Diplotomma murorum Trapelia coarctata Aspicilia caesiocinerea Aspicilia calcarea Aspicilia leprosescens Aspicilia radiosa Aspicilia contorta Solenopsora candicans Megaspora verrucosa Caloplaca chalybaea Schismatomma ricasolii Roselliniella sp Lecania atrynoides

Apothecia without a thalline margin or difficult to decide (may be immersed in thallus).


Apothecia white, cream or pale coloured


Fellhanera bouteillei Scoliciosporum pruinosum Micarea alabastrites Bacidina arnoldiana Bacidina celtica Bacidina delicata Vezdaea cobria Vezdaea rheocarpa Vezdaea aestivalis Lecania cuprea Coenogonium pineti

Apothecia orange


Protoblastenia rupestris Protoblastenia incrustans Protoblastenia calva Coenogonium luteum Pachyphiale carneola Biatorella fossarum Gyalecta jenensis Gyalecta truncigena Petractis clausa Agyrium rufum Caloplaca ochracea Piccolia ochrophora

Apothecia red to brown


Miriquidica leucophaea Acarospora fuscata Acarospora smaragdula Acarospora nitrophila Mycobilimbia sphaeroides Micarea prasina Porocyphus kenmorensis Bacidia assulata Bacidina saxenii Biatora vernalis Sarcosagium campestre campestre Lecidoma demissum Vezdaea aestivalis Lecanora phaeostigma Sarcogyne privigna

Apothecia very dark to black


Lecanora sulphurea Fuscidea cyathoides Fuscidea lightfootii Fuscidea kochiana Fuscidea lygaea Fuscidea austera Acolium inquinans Miriquidica nigroleprosa Porpidia cinereoatra Porpidia striata Porpidia speirea Porpidia platycarpoides Porpidia flavocruenta Porpidia islandica Porpidia nadvornikiana Porpidia pachythallina Porpidia superba-sorediata Porpidia crustulata Porpidia melinodes Lecidea fuliginosa Lecidea fuscoatra Lecidea grisella Lecidea lithophila Bryobilimbia hypnorum Lecidea lapicida Lecidea turgidula Lecidea lactea Miriquidica pycnocarpa Miriquidica pycnocarpa f sorediata Bilimbia sabuletorum Bilimbia lobulata Megalaria pulverea Megalaria grossa Megalaria laureri Sarcogyne regularis Carbonea assimilis Calicium tigillare Hertelidea botryosa Mycoblastis sanguinarius Strangospora moriformis Lopadium disciforme Rhizocarpon geographicum Rhizocarpon lecanorinum Rhizocarpon eupetraeoides Rhizocarpon petraeum Rhizocarpon furfurosum Rhizocarpon reductum Rhizocarpon ridescens Rhizocarpon cinereovirens Rhizocarpon oederi Tremolecia atrata Clauzadea monticola Clauzadea immersa Placynthium nigrum Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola Catillaria chalybeia Catillaria lenticularis Lecidella elaeochroma Lecidella stigmatea Lecidella scabra Lecidella asema Lecidella carpathica Scoliciosporum umbrinum Scoliciosporum chlorococcum Micarea melaena Micarea lignaria Micarea prasinella Micarea peliocarpa Micarea erratica Micarea denigrata Protomicarea limosa Dendrographa decolorans Buellia aethalea Buellia disciformis Buellia stellulata Buellia hyperbolica Aspicilia caesiocinerea Aspicilia calcarea Aspicilia leprosescens Aspicilia contorta Aspicilia contorta hoffmanniana Aspicilia grisea Carbonea vitellinaria Polysporina subfuscescens Acarospora privigna Cresponea premnea Acarospora sinopica Amandinea punctata Amandinea lecideina Bellicidia incompta Bacidia laurocerasi Bacidia scopulicola Bacidia inundata Bacidina egenula Placynthiella icmalea Placynthiella icmalea Melaspilea ochrothalamia Pyrrhospora quernea Catolechia wahlenbergii Schaereria cinereorufa Schaereria fuscocinerea Byssoloma leucoblepharum Gomphillus calycioides Epilichen scabrosus Caloplaca obscurella Sagiolechia protuberans Kiliasia episema Jamesiella anastomosans Psilolechia clavulifera Calvitimela armeniaca Farnoldia jurana Pycnora xanthococca Frutidella caesioatra Bactrospora homalotropa Xerotrema megalospora Xerotrema quercicola Mniaecia jungermanniae Lambiella gyrizans Gyalideopsis crenulata

Apothecia 'Arthonioid'


Reichlingia anombrophila Coniocarpon cinnabarinum Arthonia vinosa Pachnolepia pruinata Diarthonis spadicea Felipes leucopellaeus Arthonia arthonioides Arthonia radiata Reichlingia zwackhii Arthonia ilicina Arthonia stellaris Arthonia excipienda Coniocarpon cuspidans Arthothelium ruanum

Apothecia elongated/star-shaped (lirellae).


Xylographa parallela Xylographa vitiligo Graphis scripta s. lat. Graphis elegans Graphis inustuloides Allographa pauciloculata Allographa ruiziana Phaeographis dendritica Phaeographis smithii Arthonia atra Gyrographa gyrocarpa Opegrapha vulgata Alyxoria varia Opegrapha pulvinata Alyxoria ochrocheila Arthonia calcarea Opegrapha dolomitica Opegrapha vermicellifera Opegrapha rupestris Opegrapha thelotrematis Alyxoria xerica Alyxoria subelevata Opegrapha areniseda Zwackhia prosodea Alyxoria viridipruinosa Enterographa crassa Enterographa elaborata Enterographa hutchinsiae Enterographa brezhonega Enterographa pitardii Stictographa lentiginosa Melaspilea atroides Lecanographa amylacea Lecanographa atlantica Paralecanographa grumulosa Lecanographa lyncea

Perithecia (tiny flask-shaped ascomata).


Pyrenula macrospora Pyrenula nitida Pyrenula occidentalis Pyrenula hibernica Pyrenula chlorospila Pyrenula laevigata Pyrenula acutispora Thelidium papulare Thelidium decipiens Thelopsis rubella Thelocarpon olivaceum Thelocarpon coccosporum Anisomeridium ranunculosporum Anisomeridium biforme Anisomeridium polipori Hydropunctaria amphibia Verrucaria nigrescens Wahlenbergiella mucosa Placopyrenium fuscellum Hydropunctaria maura Parabagliettoa pinguicula Verrucaria coerulea Verrucaria latericola Bagliettoa parmigera s. lat. Bagliettoa calciseda Porina aenea Porina linearis Porina borreri Porina hibernica Arthopyrenia analepta Arthopyrenia cinereopruinosa Arthopyrenia salicis Arthopyrenia platypyrenia Strigula tagananae Strigula taylorii Mycoporum lacteum Mycoporum antecellens Acrocordia conoidea Acrocordia gemmata Agonimia tristicula Agonimia globulifera Psoroglaena stigonemoides Phylloblastia inexpectata Eopyrenula grandicula Collemopsidium foveolatum Collemopsidium sublitorale Normandina acroglypta Thrombium epigaeum Polyblastia agraria

Sterile crusts - fruiting bodies absent


With isidia (tiny finger-like projections)


Coenogonium confusum Lepra corallina Pertusaria pseudocorallina Lambiella furvella Rimularia intercedens Porina rosei Porina hibernica Pertusaria coccodes Pertusaria oculata Pertusaria flavida Caloplaca chlorina

With soredia (tiny powdery areas)


Lepra albescens var. albescens Lepra albescens var. corallina Pertusaria amara Pertusaria pupillaris Varicellaria lactea Lepra aspergilla Lepra excludens Varicellaria hemisphaerica Pertusaria pluripuncta Lecanora pannonica Lecanora jamesii Lecanora barkmaniana Lecanora soralifera Lecanora expallens Lecanora farinaria Lecanora orosthea Lecanora campestris dolomitica Ochrolechia androgyna Ochrolechia inaequatula Ochrolechia microstictoides Ochrolechia microstictoides Phlyctis argena Phlyctis agelaea Porpidia soredizodes Porpidia tuberculosa Porpidia tuberculosa purple tinged Porpidia rugosa Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa Trapeliopsis granulosa Trapeliopsis flexuosa Haematomma ochroleucum var porphyrium Mycoblastus caesius Violella fucata Loxospora elatina Dirina massiliensis Trapelia corticola Trapelia obtegens Trapelia placodioides Rinodina efflorescens Lecidea nylanderi Syncesia myrticola morph sorediata Llimonaea sorediata Belonia nidarosiensis Micarea coppinsii Dendrographa decolorans Lecanographa amylacea morph violaceofusca Buellia griseovirens Aspicilia grisea Biatora chrysantha Mycobilimbia epixanthoides Diploicia canescens Placopsis lambii Placopsis gelida Solenopsora vulturiensis Aquacidia viridifarinosa Megalospora tuberculosa Sclerococcum griseisporodochium Caloplaca teicholyta Stereocaulon leucophaeopsis Caloplaca cirrochroa Caloplaca decipiens Caloplaca obscurella Candelariella medians Cliostomum flavidulum Pycnora sorophora Thelopsis corticola Chrysothrix flavovirens Fuscidea gothoburgensis Fuscidea praeruptorum Megalaria pulverea Schismatomma umbrinum Schizotrema quercicola

Powder lichens (leprose crusts)


Chrysothrix candelaris Chrysothrix chlorina Lepraria rigidula Lepraria membranacea Psilolechia leprosa Psilolechia lucida Lepraria nivalis Lepraria membranacea Lepraria rigidula Lithocalla ecorticata Lepraria finkii Lepraria incana Caloplaca xantholyta Chaenotheca stemonea Botryolepraria lesdainii Caloplaca chrysodeta Micarea xanthonica

With pycnidia, sporodochia or hyphophores (tiny peg-like, dot-like or scale-like structures)


Gyalideopsis muscicola Lecanactis abietina Inoderma subabietinum Micarea stipitata Micarea hedlundii Opegrapha vermicellifera Biatora veteranorum Bacidina modesta Jamesiella anastomosans Tylophoron hibernicum Tylophoron hibernicum

Not as above


Ochrolechia frigida Bacidina celtica Lichenomphalia alpina thallus Candelariella coralliza Pertusaria pluripuncta


Fruiting body stalked or mushroom-like.


Baeomyces rufus Dibaeis baeomyces Lichenomphalia alpina fruit Lichenomphalia umbellifera Multiclavula mucida


Pin lichens (crusts with small pin-head fruits)


Calicium glaucellum Calicium salicinum Calicium hyperelloides Calicium viride Calicium viride Chaenotheca brunneola Chaenotheca furfuracea Chaenotheca ferruginea Chaenotheca trichialis Chaenotheca chrysocephala Chaenotheca gracilenta Sclerophora peronella Chaenotheca hispidula Pilophorus strumaticus Gomphillus calycioides Stenocybe nitida Sphinctrina tubiformis


Squamulose lichens (small to tiny flakes)


Hypocenomyce scalaris Xylopsora friesii Lichenomphalia hudsoniana Normandina pulchella Thalloidima sedifolium Toniniopsis aromatica Toniniopsis verrucarioides Lopadium disciforme Agonimia tristicula Parmeliella parvula triptophylla Psoroma hypnorum Protopannaria pezizoides Squamarina cartilaginea Squamarina lentigera Catapyrenium cinereum Placidium squamulosum Catapyrenium psoromoides Acarospora cervina Solenopsora holophaea Arthrorhaphis aeruginosa Fuscopannaria mediterranea Massalongia carnosa Fulgensia fulgens Schaereria cinereorufa Psora decipiens Candelariella xanthostigmoides Acarospora moenium Romjularia lurida


Leafy lichens (foliose)


Green to greenish-brown


Ricasolia virens Lobaria pulmonaria Peltigera leucophlebia Peltigera britannica Peltigera venosa Peltigera malacea Peltigera didactyla Melanelixia glabratula Melanohalea exasperata Melanohalea exasperatula Melanohalea laciniatula Melanohalea elegantula Melanelixia subaurifera Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla Solorina crocea Solorina saccata Dermatocarpon luridum Catapyrenium psoromoides Pleurosticta acetabulum Pseudocyphellaria aurata

Grey, blue-grey to grey-green


Peltigera collina Parmotrema perlatum Parmotrema crinitum Parmotrema pseudoreticulatum Parmotrema reticulatum Parmotrema robustum Lobaria pulmonaria Parmelia saxatilis s. lat. Parmelia sulcata Parmelia ernstiae Punctelia reddenda Punctelia borreri Punctelia subrudecta Punctelia jeckeri Parmelina carporrhizans Parmelina pastillifera Parmelina tiliacea Dermatocarpon miniatum Dermatocarpon intestiniforme Dermatocarpon leptophyllodes Dermatocarpon luridum Dermatocarpon meiophyllizum Ricasolia amplissima Menegazzia terebrata Hypotrachyna laevigata Hypotrachyna taylorensis Hypotrachyna revoluta Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta Hypotrachyna afrorevoluta Hypotrachyna sinuosa Xanthoparmelia conspersa Xanthoparmelia mougeotii Phaeophyscia orbicularis Lobarina scrobiculata Hypogymnia physodes Hypogymnia tubulosa Hypogymnia farinacea Evernia prunastri Baeomyces placophyllus Flavoparmelia caperata Parmeliopsis ambigua Parmeliopsis ambigua Parmeliopsis hyperopta Hypogymnia vittata Imshaugia aleurites Heterodermia leucomela Heterodermia obscurata Heterodermia propagulifera Hypogymnia hultenii Pectenia atlantica Pectenia ligulata Pectenia cyanoloma Pectenia plumbea s. str. Physcia tenella Physcia adscendens Physcia tribacioides Physcia tribacia Physcia aipolia Physcia stellaris Physcia clementei Physcia caesia Physconia distorta Physconia grisea Physconia perisidiosa Pseudevernia furfuracea Platismatia glauca Anaptychia ciliaris Flavoparmelia soredians Hypotrachyna minarum Hypotrachyna horrescens Arctoparmelia incurva Hyperphyscia adglutinata Cetrelia olivetorum s.lat. Platismatia norvegica Umbilicaria crustulosa

Brown


Tuckermannopsis chlorophylla Nephroma laevigatum Nephroma parile Nephroma tangeriense Umbilicaria cylindrica Umbilicaria polyrrhiza Umbilicaria torrefacta Umbilicaria deusta Umbilicaria polyphylla Umbilicaria crustulosa Sticta Sylvatica Melanelixia fuliginosa Parmelia discordans Parmelia omphalodes Nevesia sampaiana Sticta sylvatica Sticta fuliginosa Sticta dufourii Xanthoparmelia loxodes Xanthoparmelia verruculifera Lasallia pustulata Allantoparmelia alpicola Anaptychia runcinata Sticta limbata Solorina spongiosa Pseudocyphellaria intricata Pseudocyphellaria intricata? Pseudocyphellaria citrina Platismatia glauca Cetraria islandica Anaptychia mamillata Peltigera hymenina Peltigera hymenina Peltigera praetextata Peltigera rufescens Peltigera horizontalis Peltigera membranacea Peltigera polydactylon Peltigera canina Peltigera neckeri Pannaria rubiginosa Pannaria conoplea Placynthium flabellosum Melanelia hepatizon Physconia enteroxantha Melanohalea septentrionalis

Yellow to Orange


Xanthoria parietina Xanthoria calcicola Xanthoria calcicola Xanthoria elegans Xanthoria candelaria s. lat. Xanthoria polycarpa Xanthoria ucrainica Xanthoria ulophyllodes Candelaria concolor Vulpicida pinastri


Jelly lichens


Gabura fascicularis Blennothallia crispa Lathagrium auriforme Lathagrium auriforme Collema flaccidum Scytinium fragile Callome multipartita Collema furfuraceum Collema subnigrescens Collema subflaccidum Scytinium fragrans Lathagrium fuscovirens Lathagrium cristatum Lathagrium cristatum var. marginale Enchylium tenax Leptogium burgessii fertile Leptogium burgessii sterile Leptogium britannicum Leptogium cyanescens Leptogium cochleatum Scytinium lichenoides Scytinium pulvinatum Scytinium plicatile Scytinium palmatum Scytinium tenuissimum Leptogium saturninum Scytinium gelatinosum Scytinium gelatinosum Leptogium brebissonii Pseudoleptogium diffractum Scytinium teretiusculum Scytinium massiliense Scytinium schraderi Scytinium subtile Leptogium coralloideum


Bushy lichens (fruticose)


Cladonia lichens with stalked apothecia (podetia)


Cladonia botrytes Cladonia squamosa Cladonia subcervicornis Cladonia sulphurina Cladonia uncialis subsp uncialis Cladonia deformis Cladonia parasitica Cladonia caespiticia Cladonia caespiticia Cladonia foliacea Cladonia polydactyla Cladonia polydactyla Cladonia polydactyla Cladonia portentosa Cladonia arbuscula Cladonia ramulosa Cladonia rangiformis Cladonia furcata Cladonia uncialis subsp. biuncialis Cladonia coccifera Cladonia fimbriata Cladonia gracilis Cladonia symphycarpia Cladonia bellidiflora Cladonia cariosa Cladonia strepsilis Cladonia humilis Cladonia glauca Cladonia scabriuscula Cladonia ciliata Var. tenuis Cladonia ciliata Var. ciliata Cladonia pocillum Cladonia cornuta Cladonia digitata Cladonia maxima Cladonia trassii Cladonia callosa Cladonia mediterranea Cladonia zopfii Cladonia subulata Cladonia phyllophora Pycnothelia papillaria

Strap-shaped branches


Ramalina fraxinia Ramalina siliquosa Ramalina cuspidata Ramalina canariensis Ramalina farinacea Ramalina subfarinacea Ramalina fastigiata Ramalina lacera Roccella fuciformis Roccella phycopsis

Beard or hair lichens


Usnea subfloridana Usnea rubicunda Usnea articulata Usnea cornuta Usnea ceratina Usnea filipendula Usnea florida Usnea hirta Usnea glabrescens Bryoria fuscescens Bryoria chalybeiformis Bryoria capillaris Alectoria nigricans Alectoria sarmentosa ssp sarmentosa Alectoria sarmentosa ssp vex

Other bushy lichens


Sphaerophorus fragilis Sphaerophorus globosus Bunodophoron melanocarpum Stereocaulon vesuvianum Stereocaulon pileatum Stereocaulon dactylophyllum Stereocaulon nanodes Stereocaulon glareosum Leprocaulon microscopicum Cetraria aculeata Cetraria muricata Pseudephebe pubescens Teloschistes flavicans Teloschistes chrysophthalmus Thamnolia vermicularis Cornicularia normoerica Cystocoleus ebeneus Racodium rupestre Lichina confinis Ephebe lanata Synalissa ramulosa Psoroglaena stigonemoides